Including metadata in data resources

ABSTRACT

A server system comprising: a respective storage area for each of a plurality of respective parties including a first party and a second party, and a manager function for managing the storage. Each of at least some of the storage areas stores a primary instance of one or more data resources of the respective party. The manager function is configured so as, in response to the second party forming a relationship with one of the resources of the first party, to establish a secondary copy of that one of the resources of the first party in the respective storage area of the second party. In the secondary copy, the manager function also includes personal metadata describing one or more attributes of the relationship between the second party and the resource.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/409,451, filed Jan. 18, 2017, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

As the number of users and applications around the world grows, there is an ever increasing need for more and more data storage for storing various resources. These resources may include for example: files such as spreadsheets, word processing documents, slide presentations, images, videos, etc.; stored communication histories such as emails, IM chat history, etc.; user profile information such as contact details, social media profiles, etc.; and/or sites such as websites, document sharing sites, etc. Such resources may originate from a variety of applications installed on the users' terminals and/or hosted online, such as word processing applications, spreadsheet applications, social media applications, file sharing applications, etc.

Online storage has grown in popularity. Using online storage such resources can be stored online on the “cloud”, meaning the resources are stored on a server system accessible via the Internet, the server system typically comprising multiple server units implemented in more than one data centre and/or geographic location. Techniques for distributed storage and processing via a network such as the Internet are known in the art.

It is also known for users to make their own resources available to other users, such as those within the same organization (e.g. company). For instance this may allow one or more other users to view the resource, subscribe to updates to the resource, or even modify the resource.

SUMMARY

In conventional systems there is a single master copy of a given resource stored in a single storage location associated with the user who owns the resource (e.g. file, site, etc.). If the resource is made available to one or more other users to view, modify, or the like, then all users access the same centralized master copy. However, if metadata such as a last-modified date is to be included in the resource, the metadata is the same for all users accessing the resource. It would be desirable to provide a model that allows for more personalized approach to metadata.

According to one aspect disclosed herein, there is provided a server system comprising: a respective storage area for each of a plurality of respective parties including a first party and a second party, and a manager function for managing the storage. Each of at least some of the storage areas stores a primary instance of one or more data resources of the respective party. The manager function is configured so as, in response to the second party forming a relationship with one of the resources of the first party, to establish a secondary copy of said one of the resources of the first party in the respective storage area of the second party. In the secondary copy, the manager function also includes personal metadata describing one or more attributes of the relationship between the second party and the resource.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Nor is the claimed subject matter limited to implementations that solve any or all of the disadvantages noted herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To assist understanding of the present disclosure and to show how embodiments may be put into effect, reference is made by way of example to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a storage system,

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a logical and physical model of the storage system,

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of example relationships between a user and a resource,

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a graph of relationships between users and resources, and

FIG. 5 schematically illustrations a partitioning of the graph of FIG. 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows a server system in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The server system comprises a plurality of server units 104, each for example being a distinct module (separate casing) on a server rack, or being located in a different room or data centre. Some or all of the server units 104 may even be located at different geographic locations, including the possibility of different towns, cities, counties, states, countries or even continents. Each server unit comprises a respective memory 105 formed of one or more memory devices, which may comprise for example one or more magnetic memory devices such as one or more hard drives and/or one or more electronic memory devices such as one or more solid state drives (SSD), or a combination of any such memory devices. By way of illustration only three server units 104 i, 104 ii, 104 iii and their respective memories 105 i, 105 ii, 105 iii are shown in FIG. 1, but it will be appreciated that many more may in fact be included in the system.

The server units 104 are networked together via a suitable packet-switched network 101, e.g. a wide-area internetwork such as that commonly referred to as the Internet, or a private intranet. Network may be implemented by any suitable wired and or wireless communication medium or media, e.g. the wired infrastructure of the internet, and/or one or more wireless networks such as a wireless cellular network, wireless local area network(s), etc. By whatever means implemented, the network 101 enables the server units 104 to act together to provide a distributed storage system accessible to users 103 from their respective user terminals 102 via the network 101. Each user terminal 102 may take any suitable for accessing the network 101 via a wired or wireless connection, e.g. a desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet, smartphone, smartwatch or a pair of smart-glasses (and the different user terminals do not all have to take the same form). Two particular users 103 a (a first user, Alice) and 103 b (a second user, Bob) and their respective user terminals 102 a, 102 b are shown in FIG. 1 by way of illustration, but again it will be appreciated that the system may serve many more users 103 who access the system from many respective user terminals 102.

By way of example, the server system may be arranged to provide storage services to a plurality of organizations being customers or “tenants” of the provider of the system.

Referring also to FIG. 4, the server system stores data resources 201, where each data resources may comprise any item or collection of digital information, e.g. a file, a stored communication, user profile information, or a site of some kind. Examples of files include word processing documents, spreadsheets, slide decks, images, videos, etc. Examples of stored communications include emails, or IM (instant messaging) chat histories. Examples of user profile information include contact details (e.g. “contact cards”) and social media profiles. Examples of sites include document sharing sites, websites, and collaborative sites. Anywhere where a resource is referred to herein, this may refer to any of the above-mentioned resources or others (and the different resources need not all by of the same type).

The memories 105 of the server units 104 store the resources 201 (e.g. files, emails, etc.) of the various users 103, wherein the users can make these stored resources available to others of the users within the organization to enable them perform a certain activity or activities, such as to view or modify the resources to which they have access. Where a user has access to a certain resource, the user may be described as having relationship with that resource, wherein the relationship may be qualified in terms of what activity the user is permitted to perform (e.g. view, modify) and/or the means by which the user came into contact with the resource (e.g. shared with the user, trending around the user, etc.). The server system maintains a graph of all the relationships between users and resources in the organization. The graph also records the qualities of the relationships, i.e. the manner in which the user is related to the resource (viewed by the user, modified by the user, shared with the user, trending around the user, etc.).

The graph is maintained by a manager function 106. In accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, the manager function 106 is implemented in the form of a distributed function, i.e. with a respective instance of the manager function 106 i, 106 ii, 106 iii running on each of the server units 104 i, 104 ii, 104 iii. Each instance of the manager function 106 takes the form of software stored on part of the memory 105 of the respective server unit 104 and arranged to run on a respective processing apparatus (not shown) of the respective server unit 104 (the processing apparatus comprising one or more microprocessors each with one or more cores). Note also that the possibility of a centralized manager function is not excluded.

Some examples of graph relationships are illustrated schematically in FIG. 3. The top diagram in FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a basic relationship, which is a direct navigation from one object to another. That is, the relationship defines how a user 103 is related to the resource 201 in question, for instance an action the user 103 has performed in relation to the resource 201 (e.g. the fact that the resource was last modified by that user), and/or the manner in which the user 103 has come into contact with the resource 201 (e.g. shared with the user by another user). Another example of such a relationship is when the user 103 has subscribed to a given resource 201. In this case the user 103 registers with the manager function 106 to receive a notification whenever the specified resource 201 is updated by another user, and the manager function 106 automatically provides the notification when such an update occurs.

The middle diagram in FIG. 3 shows and example of a rich relationship. A rich relationship is one supplemented by metadata, and can connect to one or more objects. The metadata may for example define a time at which the user 103 performed a certain action (activity) in relation to the resource 201, such as the time at which it was last modified by that user.

The bottom diagram in FIG. 3 shows an example of an “insight”. An insight is an inferred rich relationship created automatically by an intelligence layer of the manager function 106. An example of an inferred relationship is trending. Trending occurs when beyond a threshold number of predefined actions are detected by the manager function 106 to have been performed in relation to a given resource 201 by one or more predefined other users associated with the user 103 in question. For instance the predefined users may be the contacts of the target user 103, or users in a same group such as the same department within the organization or the same interest group. So for example, if a given resource 201 (e.g. file) has been viewed more than X times by the user's contacts or other users in a certain specified group, the resource will be declared as trending around that user.

All such information is maintained in the graph by the manager function 106, being updated when relationships are created or changed.

If the graph was to be implemented as a single organization-wide graph, then to scale a large system with many users, the graph could only grow by adding more powerful hardware, such as more powerful CPUs, more RAM etc. The presently-disclosed system provides a solution to this by instead partitioning and partially replicating portions of the graph across many per-user mailboxes, thus allowing the graph size to be scaled by adding further server units instead of upgrading the computing power of a given unit.

The graph is conceptually a global interconnected graph across an organization (“tenancy”). However, in accordance with the presently disclosed techniques it is also divided into personal, user site specific graphs with personalized views.

Referring again to FIG. 1, each of the users 103 is allocated his/her own home partition 107, or “shard”, in the memory of one or the server units 104. This partition comprises a personal mailbox of the respective user. Further, the graph is divided into a personal view 501 of the graph for each user 103 (see FIG. 5), and this fragment of the graph along with the resources 201 to which the respective user 103 is related via this fragment 501 of the graph are stored in the respective mailbox 107 of that user. Where two users are related to the same resource 201, the resource is copied into the mailbox of one of the users. The primary copy of the resource 201 is stored in the mailbox of the user that owns the data, and a secondary copy is stored in the mailbox of each other user 103 having a relationship in the graph with the resource 201.

Thus, a tenant-wide graph such as that shown in FIG. 4, showing lots of users, files, other items and the user's actions on the objects, is split into mailboxes (“shards”) as represented in FIG. 5.

Each of the mailboxes 107 is implemented on a physically separate respective region of memory. The mailboxes 107 a, 107 b of any two given users 102 a, 102 b may be implemented in the memories 105 i, 105 ii of different server units 104 i, 104 ii, which may be in different separately removable and replaceable physical modules in the same data centre, or different data centres, or even different geographical regions such as different towns, cities, counties, states or countries or even continents. The various server units 104 are networked together via the network 101 and controlled by the distributed manager function 106 in order to work together to provide the functionality described herein. Sometimes, the mailboxes of any two given users may happen be found in different physical regions of the memory 105 of the same server unit, but the mailboxes are still kept with distinct views 501 of the graph and distinct copies of the respective resources 201 in distinct areas of memory.

Wherever the mailboxes 107 a, 107 b are implemented, the manager function 106 is configured to establish a respective copy of any resource (file, email, etc.) that is common (within the graph) to more than one user 103 in each of the users' mailboxes 107.

The copy in the mailbox of the user that owns the resource is deemed the primary copy, or synonymously the “master” copy. The owner may for example be the author of the resource or the user that first introduced the resource into the system. In embodiments the manager function 106 is configured with a set of one or more ownership rules for defining who is the owner of a given resource 201 and where the master (i.e. primary) instance of each resources is to be stored (i.e. which user's mailbox 107 or “shard”). Examples of these ownership rules will be discussed in more detail shortly.

The copy in any other user's mailbox 107 is deemed a secondary copy. When any such other user wishes to access the resource such as to view the resource, they view the copy in their own mailbox 107. If there is any subsequent modification to the resource, the modification is made to the primary copy and the manager 106 is configured to then automatically propagate the modification to each secondary copy connected to the primary copy of the graph.

In contrast with the present disclosure, in conventional systems there would be only one single master instance of any given resource, whereby, if made available to other users, all users would access that same single master copy. This would suffer from the scalability issue similar to that described above. However, with a respective fragment 501 of the graph and copies of the respective resources 201 replicated across separate mailboxes 107 of each respective user 103, then each of the mailboxes can be implemented on any server unit an moved between server units 104 in a modular fashion. Hence to expand the system to accommodate more connections in the graph, the provider can simply add more server units 104 and redistribute the mailboxes 107 of different users 103 between server units 104 as necessary.

Preferably the mailbox 107 of a given user 103 is located on a server unit 104 that is located in a same geographic region as that respective user 103. If the manager function 106 is informed or detects (e.g. from persistent use of a new IP address) that the user 103 has moved home to a new geographic location, it may migrate the mailbox 107 to a new geographic location within that new geographic region accordingly. This can be readily effected because the mailboxes 107 are all modular in fashion.

Each copy in each mailbox may also comprise metadata (i.e. a “tag” or label) recording one or more properties of the resource, e.g. qualifying the relationship between the respective user and the resource, and/or some absolute property of the resource such as the last time it was modified by any user. Metadata qualifying the relationship is stored as a property on the direct object of the relationship. When the secondary copy is created, some (but not necessarily all) of the metadata from the primary copy may be duplicated in the secondary copy; and when the primary copy is modified, some (but not necessarily all) of any corresponding changes in the metadata may be propagated to the secondary copy/copies. This will be described in more detail shortly with reference to FIG. 2.

The primary copy may comprise a list defining which other users or groups of users are allowed to access the resource. I.e. not all users can necessarily obtain a secondary copy of a given resource 201—the manager function 106 may be configured to consult this list to determine whether a given other user is entitled to be connected to the resource in the graph and obtain a secondary copy in his/her mail box.

In embodiments, the graph is limited to a given organization (e.g. company), such that user's outside the organization cannot form relationships with, nor gain access to, the resources of users within the organization. This advantageously allows the provider of the server system to provide storage services to multiple organizations without disclosure of potentially sensitive information between organizations. E.g. if the provider provides storage services to two rival cola companies, the companies would want to keep their data firmly secret form one another. However it is not excluded that in other embodiments the graph could span multiple organizations or even be global to all users.

On a point of terminology, note that the term “copy” is used herein in the sense of one of multiple instances of the same document or other such resource. “Primary copy” or “master copy” does not necessarily mean the primary or master instance is a copy in the sense of a duplicate or reproduction from some other original. The master/primary copy could be the original instance, or could be originated from an original instance stored elsewhere (not part of the graph system) such that the master copy is the master within the graph but not the ultimate original copy, and could e.g. contain just extracted text or other content from the original instance, or could include a link to the content of the original instance. “Secondary” however does mean that the secondary copy is generated from the master (primary copy).

Note also, while embodiments are described herein in terms of individual users 103, one, some or all of the mailboxes (and the copies of the resources 201 and fragment of the graph 501 stored therein) could in fact be that of a particular group of users such as a team within an organization. Hence group data such as group conversations, collaborative documents or collaborative work sites may be stored in group mailboxes, and such group content may be shared with other users or other groups. Wherever a user is referred to in this description, this could more generally be any party consisting of a single user or a defined group of users.

Further, use of the term “mailbox” in the description herein does not mean the resources 201 are limited to being emails or any other form of mail. As discussed above, the resources 201 of which primary and secondary copies are stored in the various users' mailboxes 107 may take any of a variety of forms such as files, communications, sites and/or user profile information.

In embodiments the manager function 106 uses email as the medium by which to send the data from one user's storage area 107 to another's in order to create the secondary copy from the primary copy, and/or as the medium by which to propagate changes in the primary copy to the secondary copy. This does not mean the end-user 103 receives an email, but rather the manager function 106 uses email “behind the scenes”. E.g. consider the creation of a secondary copy of a resource into a mailbox 107 b of a second user 103 b on a second server unit 104 ii from a primary copy in a mailbox 107 a of a first user 103 a on a first server unit 104 a, or the propagation of a modification from the primary to the secondary copy. The instance of the manager function 106 i on the first server unit 104 i sends an email to the instance 106 ii on the second server unit 104 ii, the email containing the data for making the secondary copy or for propagating the change, and the receiving instance 106 ii of the manager function intercepts this email and acts upon it, without the email being actually presented as a received email to the end-user 103 b of the receiving mailbox 107 ii. Hence in embodiments, the graph is partitioned down into email mailboxes to enable it to be implemented through an email platform. The email platform provides a persistent messaging queue for maintaining secondary copies by asynchronous messaging.

However, this is not limiting, and in other embodiments other communication media could be used, e.g. a proprietary protocol for propagating the secondary copies and modifications. For avoidance of doubt, anywhere a mailbox is referred to in the present description, this may equally be replaced with an alternate term such as “storage area”, “user area”, “storage compartment” or the like. In accordance with terminology introduced herein, this may also be referred to as a “shard”.

Regardless of the medium by which changes are propagated, the manager function 106 implements ownership rules for determining where resources 201 are mastered, and rules for establishing and maintaining secondary copies.

The ownership rules define which user 103 is the owner of each given resource 201 and therefore whose mailbox 107 stores the primary copy. In embodiments the disclosed server system, including the manager function 106 and the graph it maintains, are configured to work in conjunction with an underlying file system operated by the provider of the server system, and/or to work in conjunction with a partner file system operated by a third party, or such like. E.g. these could include a cloud storage service, a file sharing service or site, a collaborative document sharing site, etc. Alternatively or additionally, the server system may be configured to work in conjunction with a local file system on each of one or more of the user's user terminals 102. The ownership rules implemented by the manager function 106 by being configured to map resources in the user's local or online file libraries, accounts, and/or sites, etc. onto primary instances in the mailboxes 107 of the user 103, thereby creating a consistent mapping of nodes and relationships in a global graph down to the mailboxes 107 (or more generally storage areas or “shards”).

For instance, a given user 103 may have a file library comprising one or more folders stored locally on his/her computer, or on an online cloud storage service. The ownership rules may define that any and all files in that file library, or one or more selected folders within that file library, are to have their primary instance stored in the mailbox 107 of that user 103. Any other user 103 who has access to any of those files will have a secondary copy maintained in his/her mailbox 107. As another example, a given user 103 may have an online file sharing account comprising one or more folders. The rules may define that any and all files in that file sharing account, or one or more selected folders within that file sharing account, are to have their primary instance stored in the mailbox 107 of that user 103. Again any other user 103 who has access to that one of these files will have a secondary copy maintained in his/her mailbox 107. As another example, a given user 103 may have an account on an online collaborate workspace of site comprising one or more folders, and the rules may define that any and all files in the user's workspace, site or collection of sites, or one or more selected folders within the workspace, site or sites, are owned by that user and therefore have their primary copies in that user's mailbox. Generally such ownership rules may apply to any resource repository, e.g. file library, collection of files, site, site collection, workspace, etc.

Note that where ownership or ownership rules are referred to herein, or such like, this does not necessarily mean the user is the owner in any other sense than he or she is the user having the primary copy stored in his/her mailbox (i.e. storage area) 107. For example it does not necessarily mean the user is the copyright holder. Alternatively for instance, some resources or libraries etc. may be owned in a legal sense by the organization and not to one user. Furthermore, as mentioned, anything described herein in relation to an individual user can also relate to a group of users. Hence for some resources 201, the resource 201 is not owned by an individual user even in the sense of having the primary copy stored in the mailbox of an individual user, but rather it may be stored in a mailbox “belonging” to multiple users, e.g. a team within the organization or even the organization as a whole. For these libraries, the system may create “arbitration mailboxes”, i.e. mailboxes not owned by any user in particular, and may map each library (at some level) deterministically into one such mailbox.

As well as ownership rules, the manager function 106 also applies one or more further rules for creating and maintaining secondary copies. The ownership rules and/or further rules may be configured to favour performance and/or locality. For locality, the “right” objects are made available locally according to simple rules. For example, according to one preferred rule implemented by the manager function 106, every resource 201 a given user 103 ever accessed is in his/her respective mailbox 107. In embodiments, resources 201 deemed to “trend-around” that user 103 may be included in his/her respective mailbox 107 as well. The trending resources may be generated based on an activity subscription mechanism. For instance, the user gets all activity of the 40 people who he/she works the most with, and when deemed interesting locally, the related items are copied (secondary copies established) in the user's mailbox 107.

FIG. 2 illustrates a logical model and a physical model of the system, mapping from online storage libraries to mailboxes. The top diagram shows the logical model and the bottom diagram shows the physical model. FIG. 2 also illustrates examples of properties that are shared and synced across mailboxes 107, and by contrast personal properties which are specific to a given user's mailbox.

FIG. 2 illustrates these concepts by reference to an example involving a first user 103 a (Alice) having a respective mailbox 107 a instantiated on a first of the server units 104 i, and a second user (Bob) having a separate respective mailbox 107 b which may happen to be instantiated on a second of the server units 104 ii. In the example shown there are three resources: a first file 201A (“File A”), a second file 201B (“File B”) and a third file 201C (“File C”). It will be appreciated that in practice the mailboxes 107 may in fact store many more resources than this, and that there may also be many a more complex web of many more relationships involving many more users. Also the resources are not limited to files. This particular example of the two users and three files is given only by way of illustration.

File A and File B belong to Alice. Hence the master (primary) copy 201AI, 201A11 of each of File A and File B are each stored in Alice's mailbox 107 a. File C belongs to Bob and hence the master (primary) copy 201CI is stored in Bob's mailbox 107 b. At some point Alice has had been connected with File B, for example Alice shared File B with Bob, or Bob received a notification about File B as a result of a subscription (e.g. because it was trending, or because Bob has subscribed to all content from Alice, or searched for content from Alice, etc.). In response the manager function 106 automatically creates a secondary copy of File B in Bob's mailbox 107 b.

Similarly, at some point Alice has come into contact with File C, Bob's file. Again this could for example be because Bob shared File C with Alice, or because of a subscription that Alice has notifying her of content from Bob, or as a result of a search query, etc. In response, the manager function 106 automatically creates a secondary copy of File C in Alice's mailbox 107 a.

Note that in embodiments the system allows another user other than the owner to modify a resource 201, e.g. to make changes to a document despite the fact that he/she is not the author. In this case the other user modifies the primary copy 201I, i.e. the owner's copy, and the manager function 106 then propagates the modification back down to the other user's mailbox 107. So if Alice authored or published File B, Bob can edit it, in which case he edits the primary copy 201B in Alice's mailbox 107 a, and then the edits are propagated back to his secondary copy on his own mailbox 107 b. When Bob views File B however, he views the local, secondary copy from his own mailbox 107 b.

In embodiments further, one or both of the primary and secondary copies 201I, 201II of any given resource could be absolute copies. That is, the actual data content of the file is stored explicitly (i.e. directly) in the respective mailbox 107 itself (as opposed to being stored in the form of a link). However, an alternative possibility is that one or both of the primary and secondary copies 201I, 201II of any given resource could be “shallow” copies. A shallow copy is a copy that is stored in the respective mailbox 107 in the form of a link, linking to the actual data content of the resource stored elsewhere, e.g. externally to the server system (e.g. a third party server). Note therefore that the term “copy” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a full duplication of the actual data content of a resource, and could also refer to a copy stored in the form of a link. In one particular example, one, some or all of the primary copies 201I could be stored as absolute copies, and the respective secondary copies could be stored as shallow copies linking to the absolute primary copies. As another example, one some or all of the primary copies themselves could be shallow copies linking to the content of the respective resource as stored elsewhere, such as an online file system. For example the ultimate source to which the primary copy links could be an underlying online cloud file system or file sharing service run by a provider of the server system, or a third-party file sharing or cloud-storage service.

Irrespective of whether the content of the resource 201 is stored in absolute terms or as a shallow copy, each of the primary and secondary copies 201I, 201II comprises metadata.

The metadata comprises at least a first portion of metadata 202, which may be referred to as connecting metadata. This metadata 202 specifies whether the copy is a primary (i.e. master) copy or a secondary copy, and if it is a primary copy what secondary copies there are (if any), or if it is a secondary copy then which is the primary copy. E.g. the former may be specified in terms of which user(s) 103 have a secondary copy (if any), and the latter may be specified in terms of which user 103 owns the primary copy. This metadata is preferably always stored in absolute terms (i.e. directly/explicitly) on the respective mailbox 107 itself (i.e. not in the form of a link), regardless of whether the content of the resource is stored in absolute terms or shallow form.

The metadata may also comprise common metadata 203 which is common across all primary and secondary instances 201I, 201II of the same resource 201. An example is the last time or date when the resource 201 was modified by any user, the identity of the last user to modify the resource 201, the title of the resource 201, and/or the file size. This information is the same regardless of whose mailbox 107 the copy is in. Hence this metadata could be stored in absolute terms or shallow form.

Alternatively or additionally, the metadata may comprise personal metadata 204 (personal in the sense that it is specific to a particular user, not necessarily in the sense of being private). An example is the last time or date when the resource 201 was modified by the particular user 103 whose mailbox 107 the particular copy in question is stored in (so the last time modified by Bob in the case of the secondary copy of File B, for instance). Such metadata is specific to the individual user 103 whose mailbox 107 the copy is stored in. Hence this metadata is preferably always stored in absolute terms (i.e. directly/explicitly) on the respective mailbox 107 itself (i.e. not in the form of a link), regardless of whether the content of the resource is stored in absolute terms or shallow form.

The reference numerals for the different portions of metadata 202, 203, 204 are only shown against the secondary copy of File B (201BII) in FIG. 2, but it will be understood that similar metadata maybe present in each instance of each file or resource.

As some of the metadata is shared between different instances of the same resource 201, whereas some is specific to the particular copy 201I, 201II, then the manager function is configured to treat the two different categories of metadata differently when establishing a secondary copy 201II, and also to treat the two different categories of metadata differently when propagating modifications from the primary copy 201I to the secondary copies 201II.

That is, when the manager function 106 makes a copy of the primary copy 201I of a resource 201 from the owner's mailbox 107, copied into the mailbox of the other user(s) 103, then the manager function copies over only the common metadata 203, i.e. the metadata that is common across different instances 201I, 201II of a given resource 201. The connecting metadata 202 and the personal metadata 204 will be specific to the particular secondary copy 201II, and hence the manager function 106 will instead create dedicated values of these metadata element for the particular secondary copy 201II currently being created.

Furthermore, when the manager function 106 propagates a modification of the primary copy 201I of a resource 201 from the owner's mailbox 107, being propagated to the mailbox(es) 107 of the other user(s) 103, then the manager function 106 propagates only the modification to the common metadata 203, i.e. again the metadata that is common across different instances 201I, 201II of a given resource 201. As the connecting metadata 202 and the personal metadata 204 are specific to each particular secondary copy 201II, the manager function 106 will not overwrite the values of these metadata values in secondary copies 201II when propagating changes.

By way of example, consider File B shown in FIG. 2, of which Alice is the owner and Bob has a secondary copy 201BII. The metadata 203 indicating when the resource was last modified (globally) is common to both the primary copy 201BI and the secondary copy 201BII. When File B is modified (e.g. by Alice), on 3 December, this new value of this common data is propagated through the graph to all secondary copies including Bob's secondary copy 201BII. On the other hand, the metadata 204 indicating when the resource was last accessed specifically by Alice is locally relevant only to Alice's own mailbox 107 a, and the corresponding value of that metadata 204 indicating specifically when Bob last accessed the resource is relevant only to Bob's own mailbox 107 b. Hence when File B is modified, e.g. by Alice, this change is not propagated through to Bob's mailbox 107 b. Or if Bob modifies File B, the personal last-modified value is not modified in Alice's personal metadata 204 on the primary copy.

When distributing and storing a graph in a system partitioned by user partition, it would be desirable to strike a balance between fan out on read and fan out on write. In addition, to get best possible query performance for key scenarios, locality of the data would be beneficial. The consequence of these is a conflict between a desire to have secondary copies of data and a desire to have only single copies of data. If there are multiple copies of the same data, then those need to be kept updated.

FIG. 2 shows the logical model vs. the physical model, and how copies are synched and also have local (user specific) properties. For instance, Documents A and B (201A, 201B) are in stored in Alice's online storage account. This means that in the graph they are mastered in Alice's mailbox 107 a (or “shard”). Any update of the properties of the documents are coming from Alice's cloud storage to Alice's mailbox 107 a and propagated to the secondary copies from there. Likewise is document C (201C) is mastered in Bob's mailbox 107 b since it is coming from, e.g., an online storage account of Bob. On document C in Bob's mailbox 107 b there is a property LastAccessByUser with the value 3rd December, representing the fact that Bob accessed the file on 3rd December. In Alice's mailbox 107 b the same property (LastAccessByUser) has the value 13th December and represents that Alice's last access to the document happened 13th December. These properties are personalized, de-normalized and mastered on the actor shard 107 a, 107 b respectively. Similarly document C is mastered in Bob's shard 107 b and a copy is kept up to date on Alice's shard 107 a.

Thus the manager function 106 is mastering personalized information on a secondary copy 201I of the document 201 that is mastered on another shard 107.

When storing a relationship between a user (actor) and a document (direct object), the manager function stores that relationship as part of the document in the actor's shard. Thus there is provided an “in-lined” storage of relationships on the direct object. The actor is the actor of the relationship, and the user whose copy the relationship is stored in.

In addition, properties of the relationship are de-normalized onto properties of the direct object to facilitate effective lookup. In computing data is said to be normalized if there is only one instance of that data. Hence by creating secondary copies of a resource in each user's mailbox or “shard” 107, along with a respective instance of metadata describing the individual relationship of the respective user with the that resource, the data is de-normalized.

Each copy of each resource 201 may have we have personalized metadata 204 describing a set of one or more in-lined and de-normalized relationships on direct objects that facilitate effective lookups.

In embodiments, there are two aspects to the de-normalization performed in order to facilitate the effective look-up. The first is creating secondary copies of the files (or resources) 201. This makes sure that at least some look-up scenarios can be served from one machine, i.e. one server unit 104. If only the personal relationships were stored in the actor's mailbox, and not a secondary copy of the resource itself, then the system would need to first look up the relationship there and then refer to a list of server units 104 hosting the primaries. This would be less efficient computationally.

The second, optional aspect to the de-normalization is to copy key information of the relationship out of the relationship list (metadata stored on the file or resource) and store that key information in a signal property on the file object, and then create a database index over that information. This will speed up the queries since the index is dense and single purpose, at the cost of de-normalization.

The set of possible relationships may for example comprise one or more of: AccessAction (the actor has viewed the document), ModifyAction (the actor has edited the document), LastAccessed (the time and/or date the resource was last accessed by the actor), LastModified (the time and/or date the document was last modified by the actor), TrendingAroundWeight (the document trends around the actor with a certain weight), and/or ReuseWeight (the likelihood of the user to reuse part of the document).

The time or date on which a resource 201 was last accessed or last modified by a given user 103 is an example of a rich relationship, i.e. the record of the relationship in-lined in the metadata comprises at least one parameter qualifying the action (in this case the date on which the action was performed).

TrendingAroundWeight and ReUseWeight are examples of inferred relationships. The trending weight is a score which quantifies how much a given resource is trending around a given user, e.g. Alice. The manager function 106 is arranged to detect this based on signals from people working closely around Alice who are viewing and/or modifying the resources. The people from whom signals are taken to determine whether a resource 201 is trending “around” a certain user 103 may be a specific subgroup of other users, e.g. a list of contacts, colleagues or friends. The re-use weight is a measure of how likely resource 201 (e.g. document) is to be cited in another resource. The manager function 106 can detect this based on its visibility of the other resources in the system.

When the inline relationships are stored on a document or other resource, that is done that in the actor's shard 107. This is independent of the master (primary) location of the document, and the system is able to master the relationships on both primary and secondary versions of the document. Some parts of the document are updated from the master copy while others are only stored on the secondary, thus the relationships are personalized to the actor. To do this and to keep things updated across shards 107, the properties of a resource are divided into shared (e.g. global) data 203 that is common to all instances of a given resource, and personal data 204 which is unique to the relationship between the actor 103 and the resource 201.

As mentioned, the in-lined personal metadata 204 in the de-normalized resources facilitates effective lookups. The manager function 106 is configured to accept a search query from any of the user terminals 102, each search query including at least one search criterion. According to embodiments disclosed herein, the manager function 106 may be configured to accept a value or range for one or more of the elements of personal metadata 204 as a search criterion or criteria. E.g. Alice wishes to search for a certain document. As a search criterion she may search for all documents that were last accessed by her (specifically by her, not just any user) on a certain specified date or within a certain specified date range. In response, the manager function 106 returns all the resources 201 accessed by Alice on the date, or within the date rate, specified in the personal metadata 204. A similar search could be performed based on the last modified date.

Also, the search need not be performed by Alice herself. Rather, a user could search for resources 201 based on the personal metadata of another user. So e.g. Bob could search for all documents accessed or modified by Alice on a certain date or in a certain date range, or vice versa.

As another example of using personal metadata 204 for searching, the search may be based on an inferred relationship. For instance Alice may search for all resources 201 trending around her, or another user may search for all resources 201 trending around Alice.

Such searches would not be possible if only a single instance of each resource was maintained with only global metadata, such as a single last accessed date, last modified date or the like. By de-normalizing and adding personal metadata to resources, then more effective searches can be performed. Put another way, the primary of the relationship is stored on the secondary of the file (or resource) 201.

In further embodiments, the metadata may comprise a list of multiple (e.g. all) past accesses, and/or a list of multiple (e.g. all) past modifications. These could be the past accesses by any user (common metadata), and/or the past accesses by the particular user whose mailbox (or shard) 107 the respective copy is stored in, and similarly for the modifications. In embodiments, the search functionality of the manager function 106 enables a user to search for a resource 201 based on the last accessed or last modified date (either local or global), and then, when a particular search resource is found and selected based on this, the manager function 106 will look up the corresponding list of past modifications or past accesses and/or modifications in the metadata of the resource that has been found. This provides for a more effective look up. In embodiments, the user can only search based on the last accessed and/or last modified date, but once a search rut is found then this is used to look up preceding past accesses and/or modifications (not the most recent) based on this.

It will be appreciated that the above embodiments have been described by way of example only.

More generally, according to one aspect disclosed herein there is provided a server system comprising: a respective storage area for each of a plurality of respective parties including a first party and a second party, each of at least some of the storage areas storing a primary instance of one or more data resources of the respective party; and a manager function configured to perform operations of: in response to the second party forming a relationship with one of the resources of the first party, establishing a secondary copy of said one of the resources of the first party in the respective storage area of the second party; and in the secondary copy, including personal metadata describing one or more attributes of the relationship between the second party and the resource.

In embodiments, the primary instance may also comprises personal metadata comprising values of said one or more aspects specific to the first party; and the manager function may be further configured so as, when the primary instance is updated with a modification comprising a first change to content of the primary instance and/or the non-personal metadata of the first party, and a second change to the personal metadata of the first party, to propagate the first change to the secondary copy but not to propagate the change to the personal metadata of the second party in the secondary copy.

In embodiments, the manager function may be further configured to include, in the secondary copy, non-personal metadata which is common to both the primary any the secondary copy.

In embodiments, the primary instance may also comprise personal metadata comprising values of said one or more aspects specific to the first party; and the manager function may be further configured so as, when the primary instance is updated with a modification comprising a first change to content of the primary instance and/or the non-personal metadata of the first party and a second change to the personal metadata of the first party, to propagate the first change to the secondary copy but not to propagate the change to the personal metadata of the second party in the secondary copy.

In embodiments, the relationship described by said personal metadata may comprise an action performed by the second party on the resource.

In embodiments, the action described by the personal metadata may comprise the second party having viewed the resource.

In embodiments, the action described by the personal metadata comprises the second party having modified the resource.

In embodiments, the personal metadata information may describe at least one parameter of the action.

In embodiments, the parameter of the action described by the personal metadata may comprise a time and/or date at which the action was performed by the second party.

In embodiments, the time and/or date described by the personal metadata may comprise a time and/or date at which the resource was last accessed by the second party.

In embodiments, the time and/or date described by the personal metadata may comprise a time and/or date at which the resource was last modified by the second party.

In embodiments, the attribute described by the metadata may comprise an inferred attribute of the relationship, the manager function being configured to infer the inferred attribute based on activity occurring within the server system.

In embodiments, the inferred attribute may comprise trending, the activity based upon which the manager function is configured to infer the trending comprising beyond a threshold number of accesses to the resource by one or more others of the parties related to the second party by a predetermined relationship.

In embodiments, the inferred attribute may comprise a re-use score quantifying a number of times the resource has been cited in others of the resources, the activity based upon which the manager function is configured to infer the re-use score comprising said citations.

In embodiments, wherein the non-personal metadata may comprise a time and/or date last accessed by any of the parties, and/or a time and/or date last modified by any of the parties.

In embodiments, the personal metadata may comprise a list of multiple past accesses or modifications to the resource by the second party.

In embodiments, the manager function may be configured to enable the second party to search for the resource based on the most recent access or modification, and based thereon to look up the list of multiple past accesses or modifications.

In embodiments, the manager function may be configured such that the second party can only search by the most recent access or modification, not the other past accesses or modifications.

In embodiments, at least some of the separate storage areas, including at least the respective storage areas of the first and second parties, may be implemented on separate server units in separate housings, rooms, buildings or geographic locations.

In embodiments, the manager function may be implemented in a distributed form comprising a respective instance of the manager function at each of the server units.

In embodiments, the secondary copy may be stored in the storage area of the second party in the form of a link to the resource. Alternatively the secondary copy may be stored on the storage area as an absolute copy comprising a duplication of the content of the primary instance.

In embodiments, the primary instance may be stored in the storage area of the first party in the form of a link to the resource stored elsewhere. Alternatively, the primary instance may be an absolute instantiation comprising the content of the resource stored on the storage area of the first party.

In embodiments, each of the resources may comprise any one of a set of resource types, the set of resource types comprising any two or more of: files, stored communications, sites, and/or user profile information.

In embodiments, the storage area of each of multiple of said parties, including the first party and a plurality of further parties, may store a primary instance of one or more of the party's own respective resources with which a respective one or more others of the parties have a relationship, the manager function storing a respective one or more secondary copies in the storage areas of the respective other parties. The manager function may be configured to propagate changes to any of the primary instances to each of the respective secondary copies, to maintain a graph of the relationships between parties and the resources, and to use said graph to perform said propagation.

In embodiments said relationship or relationships between parties and resources may be constrained to within a given organization.

In embodiments each of one, some or all of the parties, including at least the first and/or second party, may be an individual user. In embodiments each of one, some or all of the parties, including at least the first and/or second party, may be a group of users.

According to another aspect disclosed herein, there is provided a method of operating a server system, the method comprising: providing a respective storage area for each of a plurality of respective parties including a first party and a second party; on each of at least some of the storage areas, storing a primary instance of one or more data resources of the respective party; in response to the second party forming a relationship with one of the resources of the first party, establishing a secondary copy of said one of the resources of the first party in the respective storage area of the second party; and including in the secondary copy personal metadata describing one or more aspects of the relationship between the second user and the resource.

In embodiments the method may comprise operations corresponding to any of the above system features.

Other applications and variants of the techniques disclosed herein may become apparent to a person skilled in the art once given the present disclosure. The scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the above-described embodiments but only by the accompanying claims. 

1. A method for searching data resources using personal metadata, the method comprising: storing a primary instance of a data resource of a first party in a first storage area, the primary instance including one or more relationship attributes of a first relationship between the first party and the data resource stored inline as personal metadata of the first party; establishing and storing a secondary copy of the primary instance for storage in a second storage area of a second party that has access to the data resource of the first party, the secondary copy including one or more relationship attributes of a second relationship between the second party and the data resource stored inline as personal metadata of the second party; creating a database index including the personal metadata of the first party and the personal metadata of the second party for the data resource, the database index further including personal metadata of one or more of the first party and the second party associated with a plurality of other data resources stored across at least the first storage area and the second storage area; receiving a search query including one or more criterion, wherein at least one of the criterion is a particular relationship attribute between one or more of the first party and the second party and a given data resource; querying the database index to identify data resources stored across at least the first storage area and the second storage area having the particular relationship attribute; and providing a list of the identified data resources as results to the search query.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: storing at least a portion of the personal metadata of the first party as a first signal property on the primary instance of the data resource; and storing at least a portion of the personal metadata of the second party as a second signal property on the secondary copy of the data resource.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein creating the database index comprises creating the database index using the first signal property and the second signal property.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more relationship attributes of the first relationship between the first party and the data resource and the one or more relationship attributes of the second relationship between the second party and the data resource include one or more of: an action performed on the data resource, an access of the data resource, a modification of the data resource, a share of the data resource, a subscription to the data resource, a date and time an action was performed on the data resource, a date and time the data resource was last accessed, a date and time the data resource was last modified, a trending of the data resource, and a likelihood for reuse of at least a portion of the data resource.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the search query further comprises one of: receiving the search query from the first party, wherein the at least one of the criterion is one of the particular relationship attribute between the first party and the given data resource or the particular relationship attribute between the second party and the given data resource; or receiving the search query from the second party, wherein the at least one of the criterion is one of the particular relationship attribute between the second party and the given data resource or the particular relationship attribute between the first party and the given data resource.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the criterion further includes a value or range associated with the particular relationship attribute.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein receiving the search query further comprises receiving a search query for one or more data resources that were last accessed by one or more of the first party and the second party on a date or within a date range, wherein the particular relationship attribute is a date and time the data resource was last accessed, and the value or range is the date or the date range.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein receiving the search query further comprises receiving a search query for one or more data resources that were last modified by one or more of the first party and the second party on a date or within a date range, wherein the particular relationship attribute is a date and time the data resource was last modified, and the value or range is the date or the date range.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the search query further comprises receiving a search query for one or more data resources that are trending around one or more of the first party and the second party, wherein the particular relationship attribute is a trending of the data resource.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the personal metadata of the first party and the personal metadata of the second party comprises a list of one or more of past accesses and past modifications of the data resource by the respective first party and the second party.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: enabling search for the data resource based on a most recent access or modification, and based thereon, enable further search of the one or more of past accesses and past modifications of the data resource using the list.
 12. A system for searching data resources using personal metadata, the system comprising: a plurality of storage areas corresponding to a plurality of parties, wherein a plurality of data resources are stored across the plurality of storage areas, and the plurality of storage areas include at least a first storage area of a first party associated with a data resource from the plurality of data resources and a second storage area of a second party that has access to the data resource; a processor; and a memory storing instructions that when executed by the processor cause the system to: store a primary instance of the data resource in the first storage area, the primary instance including one or more relationship attributes of a first relationship between the first party and the data resource stored inline as personal metadata of the first party; establish and store a secondary copy of the primary instance in the second storage area, the secondary copy including one or more relationship attributes of a second relationship between the second party and the data resource stored inline as personal metadata of the second party; creating a database index including the personal metadata of the first party and the personal metadata of the second party for the data resource, the database index further including, for one or more other data resources from the plurality of data resources that are stored across the plurality of storage areas, personal metadata of one or more of the plurality of parties associated with the one or more other data resources; receiving a search query including one or more criterion, wherein at least one of the criterion is a particular relationship attribute between a party from the plurality of parties and a given data resource; query the database index to identify one or more of the plurality of data resources stored across the plurality of storage areas having the particular relationship attribute; and provide a list of the identified data resources as results to the search query.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more relationship attributes of the first relationship between the first party and the data resource and the one or more relationship attributes of the second relationship between the second party and the data resource include one or more of basic relationships, rich relationships, and inferred relationships.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the basic relationships include one or more of an access of the data resource, a modification of the data resource, a share of the data resource, and a subscription to the data resource.
 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the rich relationships include one or more of a date and time the data resource was last accessed and a date and time the data resource was last modified.
 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the inferred relationships include one or more of a trending of the data resource and a likelihood for reuse of at least a portion of the data resource.
 17. A method for searching data resources using personal metadata, the method comprising: for each data resource of a plurality of data resources that are stored across a plurality of storage areas corresponding to a plurality of users: storing a primary instance of the data resource in a storage area of a user that is an owner of the data resource, the primary instance including one or more relationship attributes of a first relationship between the owner and the data resource stored inline as personal metadata of the owner; and establishing and storing one or more secondary copies of the primary instance in respective storage areas of one or more other users that have access to the data resource, each of the one or more secondary copies including one or more relationship attributes of a second relationship between the respective other user and the data resource stored inline as personal metadata of the respective other user; creating a database index including the personal metadata of the owner and the personal metadata of the one or more other users for each data resource of the plurality of resources stored across the plurality of storage areas; receiving a search query including one or more criterion, wherein at least one of the criterion is a particular relationship attribute between at least one of the plurality of users and a given data resource; querying the database index to identify data resources from the plurality of resources stored across the plurality of storage areas having the particular relationship attribute; and providing a list of the identified data resources as results to the search query.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the plurality of users include one or more of individual users and groups of users of an organization, and the plurality of data resources are data resources of the organization.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more relationship attributes of the first relationship between the owner and the data resource and the one or more relationship attributes of the second relationship between the respective other user and the data resource include one or more of: an action performed on the data resource, an access of the data resource, a modification of the data resource, a share of the data resource, a subscription to the data resource, a date and time an action was performed on the data resource, a date and time the data resource was last accessed, a date and time the data resource was last modified, a trending of the data resource, and a likelihood for reuse of at least a portion of the data resource.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein receiving the search query further comprises receiving the search query from a requesting user of the plurality of users, wherein the at least one of the criterion is the particular relationship attribute between the requesting user and the given data resource or the particular relationship attribute between another user of the plurality of users other than the requesting user and the given data resource. 